The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging

This review published in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity compiled decades of research on the tripeptide GHK-Cu and its role in preventing oxidative stress and degenerative conditions associated with aging. GHK (glycyl-histidyl-lysine) was originally isolated from human plasma in the 1970s and demonstrated the ability to form stable complexes with copper(II) ions.

The authors detailed the multiple mechanisms of action of GHK-Cu in combating aging:

• Direct antioxidant action: the GHK-Cu complex neutralizes reactive oxygen species and protects membrane lipids against peroxidation
• Stimulation of collagen synthesis: increases the production of collagen types I and III, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, fundamental components of the extracellular matrix
• Metalloprotease modulation: regulates the balance between matrix synthesis and degradation, preventing excessive tissue destruction
• Anti-inflammatory properties: suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α

A crucial aspect addressed in the review is that plasma GHK levels decline substantially with age — this decline is temporally and spatially correlated with the deterioration of regenerative capacity and the increase in oxidative stress observed during aging. The authors argued that this correlation suggests a causal role of GHK deficiency in degenerative pathologies of advanced age.

The review concluded that GHK-Cu represents an endogenous molecule with significant therapeutic potential for aging-related conditions, from skin healing to neuroprotection, warranting further clinical investigation.