Peer-reviewed studies supporting dosage protocols. All citations link to PubMed or original sources.
189 citations found
Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, Apostolakos JM
HSS J
Systematic review of 36 studies (35 preclinical, 1 clinical) synthesized BPC-157 evidence in musculoskeletal injuries, highlighting tendon, ligament, and bone healing, but the absence of robust clinical human data.
Campbell MD, Duan J, Samuelson AT, Gaffrey MJ, Merrihew GE, Egertson JD, Wang L, Bammler TK, Moore RJ, White CC, Kavanagh TJ, Voss JG, Szeto HH, Rabinovitch PS, MacCoss MJ, Qian WJ, Marcinek DJ
Free Radic Biol Med
Treatment with SS-31 for 8 weeks in aged mice reversed mitochondrial ATP decline, increased muscle mass, and improved exercise endurance.
Karaa A, Haas R, Goldstein A, Vockley J, Weaver WD, Cohen BH
Neurology
Phase I/II trial with 36 patients demonstrated safety and improvement in 6-minute walk distance with elamipretide (SS-31) for mitochondrial myopathy.
Brines M, Dunne AN, van Velzen M, Proto PL, Ostenson CG, Kirk RI, Petropoulos IN, Javed S, Malik RA, Cerami A, Dahan A
Mol Med
Phase 2 study showed that ARA 290 (4 mg/day, 28 days) improved glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH
Molecules
BPC-157 promoted tendon healing by increasing GH receptor expression and activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in human tendon fibroblasts in vitro.
Klicek R, Kolenc D, Suran J, Drmic D, Brcic L, Aralica G, Sever M, Holjevac J, Radic B, Turudic T, Kokot A, Patrlj L, Rucman R, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P
J Physiol Pharmacol
Comprehensive study demonstrated the effects of BPC-157 on gastrointestinal healing, colonic anastomosis repair, and protection against brain demyelination in rats.
Heij L, Niesters M, Swartjes M, Hoitsma E, Drent M, Dunne A, Grutters JC, Vogels O, Brines M, Cerami A, Dahan A
Mol Med
Double-blind pilot study with 22 patients showed that ARA 290 significantly improved the small fiber neuropathy score in sarcoidosis patients at week 4.
Kandalla PK, Goldspink G, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V
Mech Ageing Dev
Study demonstrated that the MGF-E peptide increased the proliferative lifespan of human satellite cells and promoted activation and fusion of these progenitor cells from donors of different ages.
Zhivotova EY, Fleishman MY, Sazonova EN, Lebed'ko OA, Timoshin SS
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
In an experimental model of indomethacin-induced gastropathy, dalargin significantly reduced erosive lesion area, normalized epithelial cell proliferation, and decreased oxidative stress in the gastric mucosa.
Carpenter V, Matthews K, Devlin G, Stuart SP, Jensen JA, Conaglen JV, Jeanplong F, Goldspink PH, Yang SY, Goldspink G, Bass JJ, McMahon CD
Heart Lung Circ
In an ovine infarction model, MGF preserved cardiac function with 35% less compromised tissue and absence of apoptosis via caspase-3 inhibition.
Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AA, et al.
Nature
Study published in Nature demonstrated that TB-500 promotes cardiac repair by mobilizing progenitor cells and stimulating new blood vessel formation.
Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al.
J Invest Dermatol
Pioneering study demonstrated that TB-500 (thymosin β4) promotes wound healing via cell migration, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix deposition.
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Grabarevic Z, et al.
Eur J Pharmacol
Pioneering research demonstrated the effects of BPC-157 on sphincter function and tissue healing, establishing the groundwork for studies on its regenerative properties.
Garvey WT, Blüher M, Osorto Contreras CK, Davies MJ, Winning Lehmann E, Pietiläinen KH, Rubino D, Sbraccia P, Wadden T, Zeuthen N, Wilding JPH, et al.
N Engl J Med
REDEFINE-1 phase 3 trial with 3,417 adults demonstrated CagriSema (cagrilintide 2.4 mg + semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly) produced 20.4% weight loss at 68 weeks vs. 3.0% with placebo.
Ji L, Jiang H, Bi Y, Li H, Tian J, Liu D, Zhao Y, Qiu W, Huang C, Chen L, Zhong S, Han J, et al.
N Engl J Med
GLORY-1 phase 3 trial with 610 Chinese adults demonstrated weight loss of up to 14.01% with weekly mazdutide 6 mg over 48 weeks (vs 0.30% placebo), with significant cardiometabolic benefits.
Rosenstock J, Hsia S, Nevarez Ruiz L, Eyde S, Cox D, Wu WS, Liu R, Li J, Fernández Landó L, Denning M, Ludwig L, Chen Y, et al.
N Engl J Med
ACHIEVE-1 phase 3 trial demonstrated oral orforglipron reduced HbA1c by 1.2-1.5% and body weight by 4.5-7.6% in adults with early type 2 diabetes over 40 weeks.
Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, Kliers I, Østergaard LH, Long MT, Kjær MS, Cali AMG, Bugianesi E, Rinella ME, Roden M, Ratziu V, et al.
N Engl J Med
72-week interim analysis of the ESSENCE trial showed semaglutide 2.4 mg achieved MASH resolution without fibrosis worsening in 62.9% vs 34.3%, and fibrosis improvement in 36.8% vs 22.4% (placebo).
Nicholls SJ, Pavo I, Bhatt DL, Buse JB, Del Prato S, Kahn SE, Lincoff AM, McGuire DK, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Sattar N, Zinman B, Zoungas S, et al.
N Engl J Med
SURPASS-CVOT trial with 13,299 patients demonstrated non-inferiority of tirzepatide vs. dulaglutide for MACE (HR 0.92), with metabolic benefits and reduced all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, Baum SJ, Litwin SE, Menon V, Ge J, Weerakkody GJ, Ou Y, Bunck MC, Hurt KC, Murakami M, Borlaug BA, et al.
N Engl J Med
SUMMIT trial (n=731) showed tirzepatide reduced the composite risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure by 38% in patients with HFpEF and obesity (HR 0.62; P=0.026).
Kosiborod MN, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA, Butler J, Davies MJ, Hovingh GK, Kitzman DW, Lindegaard ML, Møller DV, Treppendahl MB, Verma S, et al.
N Engl J Med
STEP-HFpEF DM trial demonstrated weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg improved symptoms, physical function, exercise capacity, and produced weight loss in patients with obesity-related HFpEF and type 2 diabetes.
Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, Mahaffey KW, Mann JFE, Bakris G, et al.
N Engl J Med
FLOW trial with 3,533 patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease demonstrated a 24% reduction in risk of major kidney events and cardiovascular death with weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg (HR 0.76; P=0.0003).
Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, Weaver TE, Redline S, Azarbarzin A, et al.
N Engl J Med
The SURMOUNT-OSA trials showed tirzepatide reduced the apnea-hypopnea index by ~25-29 events/hour vs placebo in adults with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea and obesity.
Frias JP, Deenadayalan S, Erichsen L, Knop FK, Lingvay I, Macura S, et al.
Lancet
CagriSema (cagrilintide + semaglutide) produced 15.6% weight loss at 32 weeks, surpassing semaglutide alone (5.1%) and cagrilintide alone (8.1%).
Frias JP, Hsia S, Engel SS, Khanna S, Dunbar SA, Nedelcu L, et al.
Lancet
Phase 2 trial with 383 diabetic patients showed that oral orforglipron reduced HbA1c and body weight comparably or superiorly to injectable dulaglutide.
Wharton S, Blevins T, Connery L, Rosenstock J, Raha S, Liu R, et al.
N Engl J Med
Phase 2 trial with 272 obese adults without diabetes showed that oral orforglipron produced weight loss of up to 14.7% in 36 weeks, comparable to injectables.
Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, Wu Q, Du Y, Gurbuz S, et al.
N Engl J Med
Phase 2 trial with 338 obese adults demonstrated weight loss of up to 24.2% with retatrutide at 48 weeks, a record for anti-obesity drugs.
Rosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM, Du Y, Lou J, Gurbuz S, et al.
Lancet
Phase 2 trial in type 2 diabetics showed that retatrutide significantly improved glycemic control and produced robust body weight reductions.
Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, Deanfield J, Emerson SS, Esber S, et al.
N Engl J Med
SELECT trial with 17,604 obese adults without diabetes demonstrated a 20% reduction in major cardiovascular events with semaglutide 2.4 mg (HR 0.80; P<0.001).
Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Sattar N, Aizenberg D, et al.
Lancet
SURMOUNT-2 trial showed weight loss of 12.8% (10 mg) and 14.7% (15 mg) with tirzepatide versus 3.2% with placebo in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, et al.
N Engl J Med
SURMOUNT-1 trial with 2,539 adults without diabetes showed weight loss of up to 22.5% with tirzepatide 15 mg over 72 weeks versus 2.4% with placebo.
Lau DCW, Erichsen L, Francisco-Ziller N, Johannesen J, Kloverpris S, Krogh P, et al.
Lancet
Phase 2 trial showed that weekly cagrilintide 4.5 mg produced 10.8% weight loss at 26 weeks, surpassing liraglutide 3.0 mg (9.0%) with good tolerability.
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al.
N Engl J Med
STEP 1 trial demonstrated mean weight loss of 14.9% with semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly versus 2.4% with placebo at 68 weeks.
Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, Perez Manghi FC, Fernandez Lando L, Bergman BK, et al.
N Engl J Med
SURPASS-2 trial showed superiority of tirzepatide over semaglutide 1 mg in reducing HbA1c and body weight in 1,879 patients with type 2 diabetes.
Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, et al.
Lancet
The REWIND trial with 9,901 patients showed that dulaglutide 1.5 mg weekly reduced major cardiovascular events by 12% (HR 0.88) over 5.4 years.
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jodar E, Leiter LA, et al.
N Engl J Med
SUSTAIN-6 trial with 3,297 type 2 diabetics showed a 26% reduction in major cardiovascular events with semaglutide versus placebo (HR 0.74).
Wysham C, Blevins T, Arakaki R, Colon G, Garcia P, Atisso C, et al.
Diabetes Care
AWARD-1 trial demonstrated superiority of dulaglutide 1.5 mg in HbA1c reduction (-1.51%) versus exenatide (-0.99%) over 52 weeks of treatment.
Aronne L, Fujioka K, Aroda V, Chen K, Halseth A, Kesty NC, et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
A phase 2 trial with 204 obese adults without diabetes showed that pramlintide produced 3.7% weight loss beyond placebo at 16 weeks, with 31% achieving ≥5%.
DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD
Diabetes Care
Exenatide 10 µg reduced HbA1c by -0.78% in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin, with 46% achieving HbA1c ≤7% and no weight gain.
Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD
Diabetes Care
The first pivotal exenatide trial demonstrated significant HbA1c reduction and weight loss in type 2 diabetic patients, establishing incretin mimetics.
Hollander PA, Levy P, Fineman MS, Maggs DG, Shen LZ, Strobel SA, et al.
Diabetes Care
A 52-week trial demonstrated that pramlintide 120 mcg reduced HbA1c with weight loss in type 2 diabetics on insulin, without increased severe hypoglycemia.
Argente J, Verge CF, Okorie U, Fennoy I, Kelsey MM, Cokkinias C, Scimia C, Lee HM, Farooqi IS
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
VENTURE phase 3 trial in 12 children (2-5 years) with genetic obesity due to POMC, LEPR, or Bardet-Biedl syndrome: 83% achieved BMI Z-score reduction >=0.2 and mean BMI decline ~18%.
Billon C, Schoepke E, Avdagic A, Chatterjee A, Butler AA, Elgendy B, Walker JK, Burris TP
J Pharmacol Exp Ther
SLU-PP-332 mimicked exercise benefits, increasing energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation, reducing obesity, and improving insulin sensitivity.
Billon C, Sitaula S, Banerjee S, Welch R, Elgendy B, Hegazy L, Oh TG, Kazantzis M, et al.
ACS Chem Biol
SLU-PP-332, a pan-ERR agonist, increased oxidative type IIa muscle fibers and improved exercise endurance in mice, mimicking aerobic exercise.
Haqq AM, Chung WK, Dolber T, Haws RM, Mitchell JA, Nissen SE, Rees AH, Sethi M, Stewart M, Yuan G, Clément K
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
Randomized phase 3 trial with 38 patients showed that 32.3% of adults with Bardet-Biedl syndrome achieved ≥10% weight loss with setmelanotide over 52 weeks.
Clément K, van den Akker E, Argente J, Bahm A, Chung WK, Connors H, De Waele K, Farooqi IS, et al.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
Phase 3 trials demonstrated ≥10% weight loss in 80% of patients with POMC deficiency and 45% with LEPR deficiency treated with setmelanotide for 1 year.
Kim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, Lee C
Cell Metab
Demonstrated that MOTS-c translocates from mitochondria to the nucleus under metabolic stress, acting as a nuclear transcriptional regulator of antioxidant and metabolic genes.
Rickels MR, Ruedy KJ, Foster NC, Piché CA, Dulude H, Sherr JL, Tamborlane WV, Bethin KE, DiMeglio LA, Wadwa RP, Ahmann AJ, Haller MJ, Nathan BM, Marcovina SM, Rampakakis E, Meng L, Beck RW
Diabetes Care
Randomized crossover study in 75 adults with type 1 diabetes demonstrated that intranasal glucagon (3 mg) is non-inferior to intramuscular (1 mg) in reversing insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
Sherr JL, Ruedy KJ, Foster NC, Piché CA, Dulude H, Rickels MR, Tamborlane WV, Bethin KE, DiMeglio LA, Fox LA, Wadwa RP, Schatz DA, Nathan BM, Marcovina SM, Rampakakis E, Meng L, Beck RW
Diabetes Care
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 48 children and adolescents (4-17 years) with type 1 diabetes showed that a single 3 mg dose of intranasal glucagon is effective across the entire pediatric age range.
Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, Kim SJ, Mehta H, Hevener AL, de Cabo R, Cohen P
Cell Metab
Landmark discovery of MOTS-c as a mitochondrial peptide that regulates metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, and prevents diet-induced obesity in mice.
Stanley TL, Grinspoon SK
Clin Infect Dis
Clinical analysis demonstrating that visceral fat reduction with tesamorelin is associated with improved metabolic profile in HIV patients with lipodystrophy.
Barnhart KF, Christianson DR, Hanley PW, Driessen WHP, Bernacky BJ, Baze WB, Wen S, Tian M, et al.
Sci Transl Med
Adipotide induced vascular apoptosis in white adipose tissue of obese monkeys, resulting in 10.6% weight loss in 28 days and improved insulin resistance.
Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Phase 3 trial demonstrated 15-18% reduction of visceral adipose tissue with tesamorelin in HIV patients with abdominal lipodystrophy.
Narkar VA, Downes M, Yu RT, Embler E, Wang YX, Banayo E, Mihaylova MM, Nelson MC, Zou Y, Juguilon H, Kang H, Shaw RJ, Evans RM
Cell
Landmark study demonstrated that AICAR administered to sedentary mice for 4 weeks increased exercise endurance by 44%, mimicking the effects of physical training.
Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaki R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R
Horm Res
AOD-9604 reduced body fat in obese mice without affecting blood glucose or IGF-1, confirming its selective lipolytic profile derived from the GH fragment.
Conlon MA, Tomas FM, Owens PC, Wallace JC, Howarth GS, Ballard FJ
Journal of Endocrinology
Continuous infusion of LR3-IGF-I (120 µg/day) in guinea pigs for 7 days produced significant organ growth (adrenals, gut, kidneys, spleen) without body weight gain, with paradoxical suppression of endogenous IGF.
Tomas FM, Knowles SE, Owens PC, Chandler CS, Francis GL, Read LC, Ballard FJ
Biochemical Journal
Preclinical demonstration that IGF-1 variants, including the Long R3 IGF-1 analog, are approximately 2.5 times more potent than native IGF-1 in reversing dexamethasone-induced catabolism in rats.
Ji L, Jiang H, An P, Deng H, Liu M, Li L, et al.
Nat Commun
Phase 2 trial with 248 Chinese adults demonstrated that mazdutide (dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist) reduced weight by up to 11.7% over 24 weeks versus 1.0% with placebo.
Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Lavins BJ, Shiff SJ, Kurtz CB, Currie MG, et al.
Am J Gastroenterol
Phase 3 trial with 804 patients showed that linaclotide 290 mcg reduced abdominal pain and improved bowel habits in IBS-C (33.7% vs 13.9% placebo).
Lembo AJ, Schneier HA, Shiff SJ, Kurtz CB, MacDougall JE, Jia XD, et al.
N Engl J Med
Two phase 3 trials with over 1,270 patients demonstrated that linaclotide significantly improved bowel movement frequency and consistency versus placebo.
Youssef JG, Lavin P, Schoenfeld DA, Lee RA, Lenhardt R, Park DJ, et al.
Crit Care Med
Randomized trial with 196 patients showed that IV aviptadil doubled the probability of survival at 60 days in COVID-19 respiratory failure (OR 2.0; p=0.035).
Kalamkar S, Acharya J, Kolappurath Madathil A, Gajjar V, Divate U, Karandikar-Iyer S, Goel P, Ghaskadbi S
Antioxidants (Basel)
Oral glutathione 500 mg/day for 6 months elevated blood GSH, reduced oxidative DNA damage, and decreased HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients over 55 years old.
Kuznik BI, Khavinson VKh, Shapovalov KG, Tsybikov NN, Lukyanov SA
Adv Gerontol
Randomized trial with 80 elderly patients with severe COVID-19 showed that Thymalin accelerated recovery, reversed lymphopenia, and halved hospital mortality.
Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Kvetnoy IM, Polyakova VO, Drobintseva AO, Kvetnaia TV, Ivko OM
Bull Exp Biol Med
Thymalin reduced stem cell markers CD44/CD117 by 2-3x and increased CD28 by 6.8x, stimulating differentiation into mature T lymphocytes.
Khavinson VK, Lin'kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
Molecular docking modeling showed that short peptides from the Khavinson school — including EDP (Crystagen, Glu-Asp-Pro) — bind specific DNA sequences (EDP → "agat" sequence), providing structural basis for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, Calcagnotto A, Haley JS, Schell TD, Muscat JE
Eur J Nutr
Oral glutathione 1000 mg/day for 6 months increased GSH by 30-35% in erythrocytes, plasma, and lymphocytes, with NK cytotoxicity more than doubled.
Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, Ma G, Kou Q, He Z, Chen J, Ou-Yang B, Chen M, Li Y, Wu X, Gu B, Chen L, Zou Z, Qiang X, Chen Y, Lin A, Zhang G, Guan X
Critical Care
Multicenter trial in 361 severe sepsis patients showed a trend toward reduction in 28-day mortality (26% vs 35%) with thymosin alpha-1, with significant improvement in mHLA-DR expression.
Prasse A, Zissel G, Lützen N, Schupp J, Schmiedlin R, Gonzalez-Rey E, et al.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Inhaled VIP for 4 weeks in 20 sarcoidosis patients reduced TNF-alpha and increased regulatory T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage.
Salamov G, Holms R, Bessler WG, Ataullakhanov R
Arzneimittel-Forschung
Clinical study in 37 HCV/HIV coinfected patients showed that oral HEP1 (Gepon) as monotherapy reduced HCV viral load by an average of 2 log (~100x), with 27% of patients showing robust reductions up to 7 log.
Catania A, Gatti S, Colombo G, Lipton JM
Pharmacological Reviews
Comprehensive review on the anti-inflammatory role of α-MSH and MC1R/MC3R receptors, discussing NF-κB inhibition mechanisms and therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.
Petkov V, Mosgoeller W, Ziesche R, Raderer M, Stiebellehner L, Vonbank K, Funk GC, Hamilton G, Novotny C, Burian B, Block LH
J Clin Invest
VIP inhalation in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension produced selective pulmonary vasodilation and hemodynamic improvement without systemic side effects.
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG
Adv Gerontol
Clinical study of 6-8 years with 266 elderly subjects showed that Thymalin reduced mortality 2-fold and improved cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune functions.
Dinsmore WW, Gingell C, Hackett G, Kell P, Savage D, Oakes R, Frentz G
BJU Int
Multicenter double-blind study with 236 men showed an erectile response rate of 83.9% with intracavernosal injection of aviptadil (VIP) combined with phentolamine.
Chien RN, Liaw YF, Chen TC, Yeh CT, Sheen IS
Hepatology
Randomized trial in 98 chronic hepatitis B patients showed complete virological response of 40.6% after 26 weeks of thymosin alpha-1, versus 9.4% in controls.
Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VKh, Esposito JE, Giambuzzi G, Marino A, et al.
Int J Mol Sci
Chonluten inhibited TNF production in LPS-exposed monocytes, acting as a natural inducer of TNF tolerance with anti-inflammatory properties.
Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VKh, Esposito JE, Giambuzzi G, Marino A, et al.
Int J Mol Sci
Dipeptide Vilon modulated THP-1 monocyte proliferation, activated MAPK kinases, and inhibited pro-inflammatory TNF and IL-6 expression in macrophages.
Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR
Molecules
Systematic review demonstrated that short peptides of 2-7 residues, including ovagen (EDL), penetrate the cell nucleus and regulate gene expression via epigenetics.
Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR
Molecules
Systematic review by the Khavinson group consolidating the proposed mechanism by which short peptides (2-7 amino acids) — including dipeptides like the Glu-Asp of Vesilute — penetrate cell nuclei and modulate gene expression via direct interaction with DNA.
Lin'kova NS, Drobintseva AO, Orlova OA, Kuznetsova EP, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Khavinson VKh
Bull Exp Biol Med
Cartalax (AED) inhibited MMP-9, increased Ki-67 and CD98hc, and suppressed caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in aged fibroblasts, demonstrating anti-aging effects.
Lin'kova NS, Drobintseva AO, Orlova OA, Kuznetsova EP, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Khavinson VKh
Bull Exp Biol Med
Vesugen (KED) inhibited aging-increased MMP-9 and increased Ki-67 and CD98hc in fibroblasts, demonstrating regenerative and antiproteolytic effects.
Kuzubova NA, Lebedeva ES, Dvorakovskaya IV, Surkova EA, Platonova IS, Titova ON
Bull Exp Biol Med
Bronchogen restored bronchial epithelium in a COPD rat model, normalizing ciliated cells, secretory IgA, and inflammatory cytokines.
Goncharova ND, Ivanova LG, Oganyan TE, Vengerin AA, Khavinson VKh
Adv Gerontol
Pancragen normalized insulin and C-peptide levels in aged female rhesus monkeys, demonstrating a restorative effect on age-impaired glucose tolerance.
Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaia SI, Lin'kova NS, Guton EO, Elashkina EV
Adv Gerontol
Vesugen stimulated Ki-67 protein in young and old endothelial cells, interacting with the MKI67 gene promoter and confirming epigenetic regulation.
Khavinson VKh, Durnova AO, Polyakova VO, Tolibova GH, Linkova NS, Kvetnoy IM, Kvetnaia TV, Tarnovskaya SI
Bull Exp Biol Med
Pancragen stimulated the expression of differentiation factors in young and aged pancreatic cells, revealing mechanisms of its antidiabetic effects.
Pateyk AV, Baranchugova LM, Rusaeva NS, Obydenko VI, Kuznik BI
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
Preclinical study compared the tetrapeptides KEDG (Testagen) and AEDG (Epitalon) in hypophysectomized birds, showing that both partially restore thymus morphology after pituitary disruption.
Chalisova NI, Lesniak VV, Balykina NA, Urt'eva SA, Urt'eva TA, Sukhonos YuA, Zhekalov AN
Adv Gerontol
Cardiogen stimulated myocardial cell proliferation in young and old rats, inhibiting apoptosis through reduced p53 expression in cardiac tissue.
Meskhi T, Khachidze D, Barbakadze Sh, Madzhagaladze G, Gorgoshidze M, Monaselidze D, Lezhava T, Tadumadze N
Biofizika
Prostamax caused relaxation of the chromatin fiber in human lymphocytes, indicating structural changes that facilitate gene expression.
Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG
Neuro Endocrinol Lett
Clinical trial of 6-8 years with 266 elderly patients showed that thymus peptide bioregulators reduced mortality by 4.1-fold in the combined treatment group.
Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Monaselidze JG, Dzhokhadze TA, Dvalishvili NA, Bablishvili NK, Ryadnova IYu
Bull Exp Biol Med
Livagen induced heterochromatin decondensation and ribosomal gene activation in chromosomes of elderly lymphocytes, reversing age-related epigenetic changes.
Lee YI, Lee SG, Jung I, Suk J, Lee MH, Kim DU, Lee JH
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Pilot clinical study in 22 Asian women showed that topical collagen tripeptide (Gly-Pro-Hyp) for 4 weeks improved wrinkles, elasticity and skin density, and reduced AGE accumulation.
Pickart L, Margolina A
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Comprehensive updated review of literature on GHK and GHK-Cu, with Connectivity Map analysis showing the tripeptide modulates 31.2% of human genes at ≥50% expression change, justifying its pleiotropic effects.
Wongrattanakamon P, Nimmanpipug P, Sirithunyalug B, Jiranusornkul S
Mol Cell Biochem
Molecular modeling revealed that SNAP-8 inhibits synaptotagmin-1, blocking neurotransmitter release and explaining its anti-wrinkle mechanism.
Draelos ZD, Kononov T, Fox T
J Drugs Dermatol
A 14-week clinical trial with 29 women demonstrated significant improvement in facial lines and periorbital wrinkles with a serum containing SNAP-8.
Wang Y, Wang M, Xiao S, Pan P, Li P, Huo J
Am J Clin Dermatol
Randomized study with 60 participants demonstrated anti-wrinkle efficacy of 48.9% vs 0% in placebo after 4 weeks of topical Argireline application.
Kassim AT, Hussain M, Goldberg DJ
Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy
Open-label 24-week study in 13 women demonstrated that the decapeptide-12 (Lumixyl) cosmetic system treated facial hyperpigmentation via tyrosinase inhibition, with 38.5% complete clearance and excellent tolerability — including in higher skin phototypes.
Pyo HK, Yoo HG, Won CH, Lee SH, Kang YJ, Eun HC, Cho KH, Kim KH
Archives of Pharmaceutical Research
Korean study showed that the AHK-Cu tripeptide complex stimulates elongation of human hair follicles ex vivo, increases dermal papilla cell proliferation, and reduces apoptosis markers, positioning it as a cosmetic peptide for hair growth.
Robinson LR, Fitzgerald NC, Doughty DG, Dawes NC, Berge CA, Bissett DL
International Journal of Cosmetic Science
Double-blind placebo-controlled study in 93 women (35-55 years) demonstrated that topical Matrixyl (pal-KTTKS) over 12 weeks significantly reduced fine wrinkles versus vehicle.
Blanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, Gil A, Fernández-Ballester G, Ponsati B, Gutierrez L, Pérez-Payá E, Ferrer-Montiel A
Int J Cosmet Sci
Emulsion with 10% Argireline reduced wrinkles by up to 30% after 30 days, inhibiting neurotransmitter release via the SNARE complex, similar to botulinum toxin.
Katayama K, Armendariz-Borunda J, Raghow R, Kang AH, Seyer JM
Journal of Biological Chemistry
Identification of the KTTKS pentapeptide (residues 212-216 of type I procollagen) as the minimum sequence capable of stimulating fibroblasts to produce collagen I, III and fibronectin — molecular basis of Matrixyl.
Pickart L, Thayer L, Thaler MM
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Loren Pickart's founding work characterizing the glycyl-histidyl-lysine tripeptide (GHK) — base molecule of cosmetic Pal-GHK — as a growth factor isolated from human plasma with effects on hepatocytes.
Sun X, Deng Y, Fu X, Wang S, Duan R, Zhang Y
Brain Sciences
Dihexa restored spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice (Alzheimer's model), reduced neuroinflammation, and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Tukhovskaya EA, Ismailova AM, Shaykhutdinova ER, Slashcheva GA, Prudchenko IA, Mikhaleva II, Khokhlova ON, Murashev AN, Ivanov VT
Molecules
Intranasal administration of DSIP (120 µg/kg) accelerated motor recovery in rats with focal stroke, demonstrating neuroprotective potential in a cerebral ischemia model.
Alaerts K, Taillieu A, Daniels N, Soriano JR, Prinsen J
Sci Rep
Study demonstrated that intranasal oxytocin amplifies behavioral and neural responses to personally relevant stimuli, regardless of whether they are social or not.
Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Trofimova S
Molecules
Pinealon (EDR) exerts neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects via MAPK/ERK, regulating gene expression and protein synthesis relevant to Alzheimer's disease.
Khavinson VKh, Diomede F, Mironova E, Linkova N, Trofimova S, Trubiani O, Caputi S, Sinjari B
Molecules
Epithalon increased neurogenic marker expression by 1.6-1.8x in human mesenchymal stem cells, with an epigenetic mechanism via histone binding.
Djillani A, Pietri M, Moreno S, Heurteaux C, Mazella J, Borsotto M
Front Pharmacol
PE-22-28 demonstrated 500-fold higher affinity for the TREK-1 channel (IC50 0.12 nM), induced neurogenesis in 4 days, and antidepressant activity lasting up to 23 hours.
Muresanu DF, Heiss WD, Hoemberg V, Bajenaru O, Popescu CD, Vester JC, Rahlfs VW, Doppler E, Meier D, Moessler H, Guekht A
Stroke
In patients with moderate-to-severe ischemic stroke, 21 days of Cerebrolysin 30 mL/day combined with rehabilitation significantly improved upper extremity motor function at day 90 compared to placebo, with a safety profile comparable to placebo.
Gauthier S, Proaño JV, Jia J, Froelich L, Vester JC, Doppler E
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
Meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials (n = 597) showed that Cerebrolysin 30 mL/day is significantly superior to placebo on cognition, global clinical change, and combined benefit at 4 weeks and 6 months in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease, with safety comparable to placebo.
Benoist CC, Kawas LH, Zhu M, Bhatt KA, Bhatt SJ, Bhatt JP, Wright JW, Harding JW
J Pharmacol Exp Ther
Oral Dihexa (2 mg/kg) reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit in rats, with procognitive effects mediated by activation of the HGF/c-Met system in the hippocampus.
Kazim SF, Blanchard J, Dai CL, Tung YC, LaFerla FM, Iqbal IG, Iqbal K
Neurobiol Dis
Chronic oral treatment with P021 in 3xTg-AD mice rescued cognitive deficits and reduced tau and amyloid pathology, demonstrating a disease-modifying effect.
Khavinson V, Ribakova Y, Kulebiakin K, Vladychenskaya E, Kozina L, Arutjunyan A, Boldyrev A
Rejuvenation Res
The tripeptide pinealon reduced reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner in neural cells under oxidative stress, activating ERK 1/2 pathways and proliferation.
Li B, Wanka L, Blanchard J, Liu F, Chohan MO, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I
FEBS Lett
Peripherally administered P21 improved learning and memory in normal mice, inducing neurogenesis and neuronal maturation in the dentate gyrus.
Uchakina ON, Uchakin PN, Miasoedov NF, et al.
Neurochem J
Review of the anxiolytic properties of Selank, including neurotransmitter modulation, anti-anxiety effect without sedation, and immunomodulatory action.
Anand R, Seiberling M, Kamtchoua T, Pokorny R
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Phase 1 study in 24 healthy volunteers demonstrated that intranasal doses of FGLL (25, 100 and 200 mg) are well tolerated, with dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and safety profile adequate for Alzheimer's development.
Ashmarin IP, Nezavibat'ko VN, Levitskaia NG, Koshelev VB, Kamensky AA
Neurochem J
Comprehensive review of the nootropic effects of Semax including improvement in learning, memory, attention, and increased BDNF expression.
Dluzniewska J, Sarnowska A, Beresewicz M, Johnson I, Srai SKS, Ramesh B, Goldspink G, Gorecki DC, Zablocka B
FASEB J
The C-terminal peptide of MGF demonstrated strong autonomous neuroprotective effect in vivo and in vitro, protecting hippocampal neurons in a brain ischemia model.
Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E
Nature
Pioneering study in Nature showed that intranasal oxytocin substantially increased interpersonal trust in economic games, without altering the general disposition for risk-taking.
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Chukanova EI, et al.
Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova
Clinical study demonstrated efficacy of intranasal Semax in treating cerebrovascular disease, with significant neuroprotection and cognitive improvement.
Anisimov SV, Khavinson VK, Anisimov VN
Neuroendocrinol Lett
Microarray analysis revealed that Cortagen modulates 110 genes across multiple functional categories, demonstrating systemic gene regulation capability.
Turchaninova LN, Kolosova LI, Malinin VV, Moiseeva AB, Nozdrachev AD, Khavinson VK
Bull Exp Biol Med
Cortagen (10 µg/kg, 10 days) increased growth rate and nerve conduction velocity by 27% and 40% after sciatic nerve transection in rats.
Schneider-Helmert D
Eur Neurol
Double-blind study with 14 chronic insomniacs showed that DSIP for 7 nights improved nocturnal sleep from the first dose, achieving efficiency comparable to normal controls.
Huang Y, He Y, Makarcyzk MJ, Lin H
Front Bioeng Biotechnol
FOXO4-DRI eliminated more than half of senescent cells in in vitro expanded human chondrocytes without affecting young cells, with potential for joint implant applications.
Baar MP, Brandt RMC, Putavet DA, Klein JDD, Derks KWJ, Bourgeois BRM, Stryeck S, Rijksen Y, et al.
Cell
Landmark study demonstrated that the FOXO4-DRI peptide selectively eliminates senescent cells, restoring kidney function and fur density in aged mice.
Cantó C, Menzies KJ, Auwerx J
Cell Metab
Comprehensive review of the role of NAD+ in energy homeostasis, mitochondria-nucleus communication, sirtuin function, and implications in aging.
Verdin E
Science
Landmark review in Science establishing NAD+ decline as a central hallmark of aging and its therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases.
Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA
Bull Exp Biol Med
Research demonstrated that Epitalon activates telomerase and elongates telomeres in multiple tissues, suggesting a direct anti-aging mechanism at the chromosomal level.
Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA
Biogerontology
A long-term study demonstrated that Epitalon increased life span by 12.3% and reduced spontaneous tumor incidence in female SHR mice.
Khavinson VKh, Goncharova ND, Lapin BA
Neuroendocrinol Lett
Epithalon restored nocturnal melatonin production and normalized the circadian cortisol rhythm in senescent rhesus monkeys.
Devarakonda T, Mauro AG, Guzman G, Hovsepian S, Cain C, Das A, Praveen P, Hossain MA, Salloum FN
J Am Heart Assoc
B7-33 reduced infarct size from 45.3% to 22.0% and preserved cardiac function in mice, demonstrating significant post-infarction cardioprotection.
Marshall SA, O'Sullivan K, Ng HH, Bathgate RAD, Parry LJ, Hossain MA, Leo CH
Eur J Pharmacol
B7-33 replicated the vasoprotective functions of serelaxin with anti-fibrotic properties, without increasing cAMP, representing a simplified analog with vascular potential.
Kim HY, Yoon JY, Yun JH, Cho KW, Lee SH, Rhee YM, Jung HS, Lim HJ, et al.
Cell Death Differ
Suppression of the Dvl-CXXC5 interaction by PTD-DBM activated the Wnt pathway, accelerating bone differentiation and increasing mineral density in mice.
Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Bowne WB, Adler V, Sookraj KA, Wu V, Shteyler V, Patel H, Oxbury W, Brandt-Rauf P, Zenilman ME, Michl J, Pincus MR
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PNC-27 selectively kills tumor cells through membranolysis by binding to HDM-2 present in cancer cell membranes, without affecting normal cells.
Basso N, Marcelli M, Ginaldi A, De Marco M
Peptides
Randomized clinical trial in 150 patients compared intrathecal dermorphin (20 µg), intrathecal morphine (500 µg), and intramuscular pentazocine: dermorphin produced deeper and longer-lasting analgesia (43 hours vs 34 h vs 11 h), with an adverse effect profile similar to morphine.
Montecucchi PC, de Castiglione R, Piani S, Gozzini L, Erspamer V
International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research
Seminal study that isolated and characterized dermorphin (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) from the skin of the frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei, being one of the first vertebrate-derived peptides containing a D-amino acid — a feature responsible for its exceptional opioid potency.
Yen K, Mehta HH, Kim SJ, Lue YH, Hoang J, Guerrero N, Port J, Bi Q, et al.
Aging (Albany NY)
Humanin increased lifespan in C. elegans via daf-16/FOXO, improved metabolic parameters in mice, and showed elevated levels in children of centenarians.
Zárate SC, Traetta ME, Codagnone MG, Seilicovich A, Reinés AG
Front Aging Neurosci
Study demonstrated that humanin released by astrocytes protects hippocampal neurons against dendritic atrophy and synaptic loss induced by glutamate.
Zhang L, Cai K, Wang Y, Ji W, Cheng Z, Chen G, Liao Z
Am J Mens Health
Pulsatile gonadorelin pump induced spermatogenesis at a median of 6 months versus 14 months with cyclical gonadotropins in 28 men with CHH.
Madhusoodanan V, Patel P, Lima TFN, Gondokusumo J, Lo E, Thirumavalavan N, Lipshultz LI, Ramasamy R
Int Braz J Urol
hCG monotherapy in men with hypogonadal symptoms increased testosterone by 60% (from 362 to 520 ng/dL), with subjective improvement in half of patients.
Hsieh TC, Pastuszak AW, Hwang K, Lipshultz LI
J Urol
Concomitant hCG administration (500 IU every other day) during TRT preserved spermatogenesis and maintained intratesticular testosterone.
George JT, Millar RP, Anderson RA
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
Proof-of-concept study showed that kisspeptin-10 restored LH pulsatility and raised testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes and hypogonadism.
George JT, Veldhuis JD, Roseweir AK, Newton CL, Faccenda E, Millar RP, Anderson RA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Intravenous kisspeptin-10 caused a rapid, dose-dependent increase in LH in healthy men, with maximal response at 1 mcg/kg and increased LH pulsatility.
Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Jiang J, Sharma SD, Fink JL, Haskell-Luevano C, Bentley DL, al-Obeidi F, Sawyer TK
Pigment Cell Research
Pioneering review by the Hadley and Hruby group on melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R) and the role of α-MSH analogs (including NDP-MSH) in pharmacological characterization of the system.
Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA
Obstet Gynecol
Phase 3 RECONNECT trials demonstrated that bremelanotide 1.75 mg SC improved sexual desire and reduced distress in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH
Obstet Gynecol
52-week open-label extension of the RECONNECT studies confirmed a favorable safety profile and sustained symptom improvement with bremelanotide.
Langendonk JG, Balwani M, Anderson KE, Bonkovsky HL, Anstey AV, Bissell DM, et al.
N Engl J Med
Two multicenter trials with 168 patients demonstrated that 16 mg afamelanotide implants increased pain-free sun exposure time in erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Lim HW, Grimes PE, Agbai O, Hamzavi I, Henderson M, Haddican M, Linkner RV, Lebwohl M
JAMA Dermatol
A trial with 55 patients demonstrated that afamelanotide combined with NB-UV-B accelerated and increased vitiligo repigmentation versus phototherapy alone.
Barnetson RS, Ooi TK, Zhuang L, Halliday GM, Reid CM, Walker PC, Humphrey SM, Kleinig MJ
J Invest Dermatol
Afamelanotide increased melanin density by up to 41% and reduced sunburn cells by more than 50% in fair-skinned type I/II volunteers.
Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Perelman MA, Harning R
J Sex Med
Double-blind crossover study in 18 women with sexual arousal disorder showed that intranasal bremelanotide 20 mg significantly increased sexual desire.
Wessells H, Levine N, Hadley ME, Dorr R, Hruby V
Int J Impot Res
A double-blind study in 20 men with erectile dysfunction showed that MT-II induced erection in 17 of 20 participants without sexual stimulus, with increased desire in 68%.
Dorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, Brooks C, Xiang L, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME
Life Sci
A phase I pilot study in 3 volunteers demonstrated that subcutaneous Melanotan-II induced visible tanning at low doses, confirming melanotropic activity in humans.
Neelakantan H, Vance V, Wetzel MD, Wang HL, McHardy SF, Finnerty CC, Hommel JD, Watowich SJ
Biochemical Pharmacology
5-Amino-1MQ, a selective membrane-permeable NNMT inhibitor, reduced body weight, white adipose tissue mass, and plasma cholesterol in obese mice without affecting food intake or causing adverse effects.
Kraus D, Yang Q, Kong D, Banks AS, Zhang L, Rodgers JT, Pirinen E, Pulinilkunnil TC, Gong F, Wang YC, Cen Y, Sauve AA, Asara JM, Peroni OD, Monia BP, Bhanot S, Alhonen L, Puigserver P, Kahn BB
Nature
Mice with NNMT knockdown in adipose tissue and liver resisted diet-induced obesity via increased SAM, NAD+, and lipid oxidation gene expression — validating NNMT as a therapeutic target for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Mojsov S, Weir GC, Habener JF
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Seminal study that identified GLP-1(7-37) as the bioactive fragment of the glucagon gene: it potently stimulated glucose-dependent insulin secretion in perfused rat pancreas at concentrations as low as 5 × 10⁻¹¹ M.
Pickart L, Margolina A
Int J Mol Sci
Genomic analysis demonstrated that GHK-Cu modulates more than 4,000 genes involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammatory defense, and cellular regeneration.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A
Biomed Res Int
Review demonstrated that GHK modulates more than 4,000 human genes, stimulating collagen synthesis and skin regeneration, with levels that decline with age.
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A
Biomed Res Int
Study demonstrated that the tripeptide GHK is capable of modulating gene expression to repair damaged tissues and reverse aging-associated changes.
Pickart L, Margolina A
Oxid Med Cell Longev
Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu anti-aging mechanisms, including antioxidant effects, collagen synthesis, and regenerative properties against aging.
Breul J, Lundstrom E, Purcea D, Venetz WP, Cabri P, Dutailly P, Goldfischer E
Adv Ther
Analysis of 920 patients from 9 studies showed that sustained-release triptorelin formulations suppressed testosterone to <20 ng/dL in most patients.
Pirola I, Cappelli C, Delbarba A, Scalvini T, Agosti B, Assanelli D, Bonetti A, Castellano M
Fertil Steril
Case report showed that a single dose of triptorelin (100 mcg) restored normal testosterone within 1 month in a man with post-anabolic steroid hypogonadism.
Pitteloud N, Hayes FJ, Dwyer A, Boepple PA, Lee H, Crowley WF Jr
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Study of 76 men treated with pulsatile GnRH for 12-24 months showed that prior pubertal development predicts normal testicular volume (92%) and spermatogenesis.
Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Malik V, Gomez AM, Flanigan KM, Lowes LP, Alfano LN, Berry K, Meadows E, Lewis S, Braun L, Shontz K, Rouhana M, Clark KR, Rosales XQ, Al-Zaidy S, Govoni A, Rodino-Klapac LR, Hogan MJ, Kaspar BK
Molecular Therapy
First clinical trial of follistatin-344 gene therapy (AAV1.CMV.FS344) injected into the quadriceps of 6 patients with Becker muscular dystrophy: improvements up to 125 meters on the 6-minute walk test, reduced fibrosis, and increased muscle fiber size, with no serious adverse events.
Thompson TB, Lerch TF, Cook RW, Woodruff TK, Jardetzky TS
Developmental Cell
X-ray crystallography study revealed that two follistatin molecules wrap around activin A blocking both type I and type II receptor binding sites, with the FS-315 form being the main serum isoform neutralizing the TGF-β pathway.
Grönberg A, Mahlapuu M, Ståhle M, Whately-Smith C, Rollman O
Wound Repair Regen
Clinical trial with 34 patients showed that topical LL-37 accelerated healing of chronic venous ulcers by up to 6-fold compared to placebo, with good safety.
Carretero M, Escámez MJ, García M, Duarte B, Holguín A, Retamosa L, Jorcano JL, Del Río M, Larcher F
J Invest Dermatol
LL-37 promoted wound healing in vitro and in vivo via activation of keratinocyte migration and actin cytoskeleton remodeling through EGFR transactivation.
Heilborn JD, Nilsson MF, Kratz G, Weber G, Sørensen O, Borregaard N, Ståhle-Bäckdahl M
J Invest Dermatol
LL-37 proved essential in wound healing, with peak expression at 48h after injury. Chronic ulcers showed low levels, suggesting a role in re-epithelialization.
Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, Gordon AC, Hébert PC, Cooper DJ, Holmes CL, Mehta S, Granton JT, Storms MM, Cook DJ, Presneill JJ, Ayers D
New England Journal of Medicine
Multicenter randomized VASST trial (n = 778) compared low-dose vasopressin (0.01–0.03 U/min) with norepinephrine in septic shock patients: no difference in overall 28-day mortality, but potential benefit in patients with less severe shock (26.5% vs 35.7%, p = 0.05).
Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH
New England Journal of Medicine
European randomized trial (n = 1186) compared vasopressin (40 IU) with epinephrine (1 mg) in out-of-hospital CPR: similar outcomes in ventricular fibrillation, but vasopressin superior in asystole (survival to hospital discharge 4.7% vs 1.5%, p = 0.04).
Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D
Gastroenterology
Orally administered KPV reduced colitis in animal models via PepT1 transporter, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting NF-κB activation.
Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, Luegering A, Ross M, Brzoska T, Bohm M, Luger TA, Domschke W, Kucharzik T
Inflamm Bowel Dis
KPV accelerated recovery and reduced inflammatory infiltrates in two murine colitis models, with effects partially independent of the MC1R receptor.
Nass R, Pezzoli SS, Oliveri MC, Patrie JT, Harrell FE Jr, Clasey JL, Heymsfield SB, Bach MA, Vance ML, Thorner MO
Annals of Internal Medicine
2-year randomized trial in 65 elderly subjects (60-81 years) demonstrated that oral MK-677 increased lean mass by 1.1 kg versus 0.5 kg loss with placebo, with no corresponding improvement in functional strength.
Ionescu M, Frohman LA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Study confirmed safety and sustained GH elevation with CJC-1295 in adults with growth hormone deficiency, validating therapeutic applications.
Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
CJC-1295 produced dose-dependent increases in GH (2-10x for 6+ days) and IGF-I (1.5-3x for 9-11 days) in healthy adults with no serious adverse events.
Berlanga J, Cibrian D, Guillen I, Freyre F, Alba JS, Lopez-Saura P, Merino N, Aldama A, Quintela AM, Triana ME, Montequin JF, Ajamieh H, Urquiza D, Ahmed N, Guillen G
Clin Sci (Lond)
GHRP-6 pretreatment reduced hepatic and intestinal ischemia/reperfusion damage by 50-85%, demonstrating potent cytoprotective effects.
Walker RF
Clin Interv Aging
Review demonstrating that sermorelin offers a more physiological and safer alternative to direct GH replacement, preserving the neuroendocrine axis.
Jette L, Leger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, Paradis V, van Wyk P, Pham K, Bridon DP
Endocrinology
Study identified CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog via albumin bioconjugation, with a 4-fold increase in GH AUC compared to native hGRF.
Laferrere B, Abraham C, Russell CD, Bowers CY
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
First study to demonstrate that GHRP-2 increases food intake by 35.9% in healthy humans, confirming its action as a functional ghrelin agonist.
Bowers CY, Granda R, Mohan S, Kuipers J, Baylink D, Veldhuis JD
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Continuous GHRP-2 infusion for 30 days in elderly subjects tripled pulsatile GH secretion on day 1 and sustainably elevated IGF-I and IGFBP-3 without adverse effects.
Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, Summers R, Conway-Campbell B, Waters MJ, Ng FM
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
Chronic treatment with the C-terminal fragment of hGH reduced weight gain and increased fat oxidation in obese mice, without hyperglycemia or effects on insulin.
Heffernan MA, Jiang WJ, Thorburn AW, Ng FM
Endocrinology
AOD9604 reduced weight gain in obese mice without competing for the GH receptor or inducing cell proliferation, demonstrating a superior safety profile compared to hGH.
Frieboes RM, Murck H, Antonijevic IA, Steiger A
J Neuroendocrinol
Intranasal GHRP-6 elevated nocturnal GH concentration and modulated sleep architecture, with increased stage 2 sleep in the second half of the night.
Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H
Growth Horm IGF Res
Ipamorelin administered to hypophysectomized rats induced longitudinal bone growth and increased epiphyseal plate width, demonstrating anabolic effects on bone.
Murphy MG, Bach MA, Plotkin D, Bolognese J, Ng J, Krupa D, Cerchio K, Gertz BJ
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Across three double-blind trials with 187 elderly subjects (≥65 years), oral MK-677 increased IGF-1 by 55-94% and elevated osteocalcin by 29.4%, demonstrating an effect on bone formation markers.
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thøgersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH
Eur J Endocrinol
First characterization of ipamorelin as a selective GH secretagogue, with potent GH release without affecting cortisol, prolactin, or other pituitary hormones.
Pihoker C, Badger TM, Reynolds GA, Bowers CY
J Endocrinol
Intranasal GHRP-2 increased growth velocity from 3.7 to 6.1 cm/year in children with short stature, maintaining efficacy for up to 24 months.
Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SS
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
A 5-month trial with sermorelin in elderly subjects showed increases in GH, IGF-I, lean mass, insulin sensitivity, and libido in men.
Bellone J, Ghizzoni L, Aimaretti G, Volta C, Boghen MF, Bernasconi S, Ghigo E
Eur J Endocrinol
Study demonstrated that oral GHRP-6 (300 µg/kg) in children with short stature stimulated GH secretion comparably to intravenous GHRH.
Laron Z, Frenkel J, Deghenghi R, Anin S, Klinger B, Silbergeld A
Clinical Endocrinology
Open-label study in 8 prepubertal short-stature children (4-11 years) treated with intranasal hexarelin 60 µg/kg three times daily for up to 8 months, with growth velocity increase from 5.3 to 8.3 cm/year.
Imbimbo BP, Mant T, Edwards M, Amin D, Dalton N, Boutignon F, Lenaerts V, Wüthrich P, Deghenghi R
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Double-blind placebo-controlled study in 12 adult volunteers demonstrated that intravenous hexarelin (0.5-2 µg/kg) raises plasma GH in a dose-dependent manner, with Cmax of 55 ng/mL at the highest dose and half-life of ~55 min.
Felberbaum RE, Albano C, Ludwig M, Riethmüller-Winzen H, Grigat M, Devroey P, Diedrich K
Human Reproduction
Phase III multicenter study in 346 women showed that cetrorelix (0.25 mg/day) starting on stimulation day 6 with HMG effectively suppresses premature LH surge (0.9% incidence), achieving 24% ongoing clinical pregnancy per transfer and low severe OHSS (0.6%).
Gonzalez-Barcena D, Vadillo-Buenfil M, Cortez-Morales A, Fuentes-Garcia M, Cardenas-Cornejo I, Comaru-Schally AM, Schally AV
Urology
Cetrorelix as monotherapy in 5 patients with advanced prostate cancer and paraplegia from cord compression produced immediate testosterone suppression, walking recovery in all patients within 3 months, and gradual PSA decline — without the flare-up associated with LHRH agonists.