Exenatide
Also known as: Byetta, Bydureon, Exendin-4
Molecular Identifiers
Overview
GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from the saliva of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum), composed of 39 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 4,186.6 Da. First GLP-1 agonist approved for clinical use, with 53% homology to human GLP-1.
FDA-approved as Byetta (2005) in daily formulation and Bydureon (2012) in weekly extended-release formulation for type 2 diabetes treatment. First GLP-1 agonist approved for clinical use.
HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS His-Gly-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser Half-life
~2.4 hours
Administration Route
Subcutaneous
Category
Metabolic & Fat Loss
Mechanism of Action
- GLP-1 receptor agonism (glucose-dependent insulin secretion)
- Suppression of glucagon secretion in hyperglycemia
- Delayed gastric emptying
- Appetite reduction via central signaling
- Promotion of pancreatic beta cell proliferation and survival
Dosage Protocol
Data compiled from the literature. This does not constitute medical advice.
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Dose | 5-10 mcg per injection (subcutaneous) |
| Frequency | Twice daily (Byetta) or once weekly (Bydureon) |
| Timing | 60 minutes before main meals (daily formulation) |
| Duration | Continuous use |
Reported Side Effects
Adverse effects described in the literature. Severity and frequency vary between individuals.
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Hypoglycemia (with sulfonylureas)
Presentations & Preparation
Vials of Exenatide found in the research market:
Reconstitution
- Diluent: Bacteriostatic water
- Volume: According to vial concentration
- Slowly inject the diluent against the vial wall
- Gently swirl until fully dissolved — never shake
- Start with 5 mcg twice daily for 30 days before escalating to 10 mcg
Storage
- Lyophilized: Refrigerated 2-8°C
- Reconstituted: Refrigerated 2-8°C (up to 30 days)
- Protect from direct light
- Do not freeze after reconstitution
- Pre-filled pens must be used within 30 days after first use
Scientific Studies
Published studies on Exenatide.
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes
Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes
DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD
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